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Lesson 1: Rocks and Inside Earth
In this lesson we learned what rocks are, how they are different from minerals, and what earth's interior is like.
Rock: a naturally formed substance usually made of one or more minerals that makes up the crust of the earth.
Monominerallic: a rock made mostly of one mineral.
Crust: first layer of the earth; made of solid rock
Mantle: second layer of earth; thickest layer made of very thick but bendable solid rock.
Outer core: third layer of earth; made of molten (liquid) metal
Inner core: fourth layer of earth made of solid metal
Igneous rock: rock made from molten rock cooling and becoming solid
Sedimentary rock: rock made from other rocks, minerals, or once living things (like plants and animals). Can also form from evaporation.
Metamorphic rock: rock made when older rock changes into a new type of rock from heat or pressure.
Lesson 2: Rock Classification
In this lesson we learned how to identify a rock and classify it by looking at its texture.
Texture: the look and feel of a rock's surface
Origin: how and where a rock formed
Grain: particles of minerals and other rocks that make a rock
Grain size: how big or small the grains are
Coarse grain: large, easy to see grains
Fine grain: small hard to see grains
Grain shape: the shape of the edges of the grains
Rounded: the grain edges are curved and smooth
Jagged: grain edges are sharp and rough
Grain pattern: the arrangement of the grains
Banded (sed.) or Foliated (met.): grains are in layers
Non-banded (sed or ign.) or Non-foliated (met.): grains are random
No Visible Grain (NVG): rock has no grain and is smooth, shiny, and glassy.
Lesson 3: Igneous Rock
In this lesson we learned how igneous rocks are formed, how cooling time affects crystal size, and how igneous rocks look different based on where they form.
Igneous rock: rock made from the cooling of molten rock.
Molten rock: liquid rock; magma or lava.
Lava: molten rock found at earth's surface
Magma: molten rock found inside earth
Intrusive (plutonic): an igneous rock that forms inside earth
Extrusive: an igneous rock that forms at earth's surface
Crystal size (grain size): how large or small the grains are in an igneous rock
Coarse grain: see above in lesson 2
Fine grain: see above in lesson 2
Porphyritic: a rock with both large and small crystals (grains)
Glassy: a rock with no visible grain
Silica: a compound of silicon and oxygen
Felsic: high in silica content (you are not required to memorize this word)
Mafic: low in silica content (you are not required to memorize this word)
Lesson 4: Sedimentary Rock
In this lesson we learned about sedimentary rocks which are made out of sediments. The rocks are classified into three groups based on the sediments they are made out of.
Sedimentary Rock – rock made from sediments.
Sediments – any material that settles out of water or air that makes a sedimentary
rock. Examples include rocks, minerals, and plants/animals.
Lithification – the process that forms a sedimentary rock.
Weathering – first step of lithification; creates sediments.
Erosion – second step; transports sediments via wind/water.
Deposition – third step; sediments settle out of wind/water into layers.
Compaction – fourth step; sediments are pressed together.
Cementation – fifth step; sediments are glued together.
Clastic rock – sedimentary rock made of mineral and rock sediments.
Organic rock – sedimentary rock made of once-living things.
Chemical rock – sedimentary rock made of recrystallized minerals.
Lesson 5: Metamorphic Rock
In this lesson we learned about metamorphic rocks. Metamorphic rocks form from changes to other rocks. These changes are called metamorphism. Metamorphism is caused by heat and pressure.
Metamorphic Rock – a rock made from already existing rock that changes
Parent rock – the rock from which a metamorphic rock comes
Metamorphism – the process of changing a rock from one type to another
Recrystallization – the process by which a mineral’s crystal structure is changed. Often two things happen: crystal becomes larger and new minerals can form.
Foliation – the arrangement of minerals in flay or wavy parallel bands.
Nonfoliation – the random arrangement of minerals in metamorphic rocks.
Lesson 1: Rocks and Inside Earth
In this lesson we learned what rocks are, how they are different from minerals, and what earth's interior is like.
Rock: a naturally formed substance usually made of one or more minerals that makes up the crust of the earth.
Monominerallic: a rock made mostly of one mineral.
Crust: first layer of the earth; made of solid rock
Mantle: second layer of earth; thickest layer made of very thick but bendable solid rock.
Outer core: third layer of earth; made of molten (liquid) metal
Inner core: fourth layer of earth made of solid metal
Igneous rock: rock made from molten rock cooling and becoming solid
Sedimentary rock: rock made from other rocks, minerals, or once living things (like plants and animals). Can also form from evaporation.
Metamorphic rock: rock made when older rock changes into a new type of rock from heat or pressure.
Lesson 2: Rock Classification
In this lesson we learned how to identify a rock and classify it by looking at its texture.
Texture: the look and feel of a rock's surface
Origin: how and where a rock formed
Grain: particles of minerals and other rocks that make a rock
Grain size: how big or small the grains are
Coarse grain: large, easy to see grains
Fine grain: small hard to see grains
Grain shape: the shape of the edges of the grains
Rounded: the grain edges are curved and smooth
Jagged: grain edges are sharp and rough
Grain pattern: the arrangement of the grains
Banded (sed.) or Foliated (met.): grains are in layers
Non-banded (sed or ign.) or Non-foliated (met.): grains are random
No Visible Grain (NVG): rock has no grain and is smooth, shiny, and glassy.
Lesson 3: Igneous Rock
In this lesson we learned how igneous rocks are formed, how cooling time affects crystal size, and how igneous rocks look different based on where they form.
Igneous rock: rock made from the cooling of molten rock.
Molten rock: liquid rock; magma or lava.
Lava: molten rock found at earth's surface
Magma: molten rock found inside earth
Intrusive (plutonic): an igneous rock that forms inside earth
Extrusive: an igneous rock that forms at earth's surface
Crystal size (grain size): how large or small the grains are in an igneous rock
Coarse grain: see above in lesson 2
Fine grain: see above in lesson 2
Porphyritic: a rock with both large and small crystals (grains)
Glassy: a rock with no visible grain
Silica: a compound of silicon and oxygen
Felsic: high in silica content (you are not required to memorize this word)
Mafic: low in silica content (you are not required to memorize this word)
Lesson 4: Sedimentary Rock
In this lesson we learned about sedimentary rocks which are made out of sediments. The rocks are classified into three groups based on the sediments they are made out of.
Sedimentary Rock – rock made from sediments.
Sediments – any material that settles out of water or air that makes a sedimentary
rock. Examples include rocks, minerals, and plants/animals.
Lithification – the process that forms a sedimentary rock.
Weathering – first step of lithification; creates sediments.
Erosion – second step; transports sediments via wind/water.
Deposition – third step; sediments settle out of wind/water into layers.
Compaction – fourth step; sediments are pressed together.
Cementation – fifth step; sediments are glued together.
Clastic rock – sedimentary rock made of mineral and rock sediments.
Organic rock – sedimentary rock made of once-living things.
Chemical rock – sedimentary rock made of recrystallized minerals.
Lesson 5: Metamorphic Rock
In this lesson we learned about metamorphic rocks. Metamorphic rocks form from changes to other rocks. These changes are called metamorphism. Metamorphism is caused by heat and pressure.
Metamorphic Rock – a rock made from already existing rock that changes
Parent rock – the rock from which a metamorphic rock comes
Metamorphism – the process of changing a rock from one type to another
Recrystallization – the process by which a mineral’s crystal structure is changed. Often two things happen: crystal becomes larger and new minerals can form.
Foliation – the arrangement of minerals in flay or wavy parallel bands.
Nonfoliation – the random arrangement of minerals in metamorphic rocks.
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